Explain the nature and purpose of the ‘Hitler Youth’ movement

a) To establish a stable future for the Nazi regime, Hitler was determined to gain control of the upcoming generation that was Germany's youth, to do this he created several groups for both boys and girls to teach them Nazi ideology and how to be the ‘superior race'. Hitler's youth movement was made compulsory to join in 1936 and from then on boys at the age of 6-10 wore enlisted to the ‘Pimpf', which translates as little fellows, here they took part in exercises such as hiking and camping. On surpassing the age of 10 they underwent a test from them to reach ‘Deutsche Jungvolk' (or German young people). Only after this wore they enrolled in ‘Hitler youth' when they wore between the ages of 14-18 and there they wore trained on military discipline. The Hitler youth was also used as a way teaching children in anti-Semitism, pride for Germany and allegiance to Hitler. Young children were expected to read books describing how Jewish things and people were evil. There was also the SRD which was a patrol service that would check that all the members of the Hitler Youth were looking smart and that they were carrying a clean handkerchief and comb, which defines the importance of the movement. Baldur Von Schirach led the Hitler youth organization and he had the idea to create individual years for the Hitler youth movement and in 1934 it was the ‘Year of Training' where the kids learned vocational training, and in October were sent to the country to harvest the crops. This was apparently to show them the value of hard manual labor, and how it pays off. The next year was ‘The Year of Physical Training' which consisted of rigorous sport competitions and gladiator like fitness standards. Hitler felt that his youth should have more of a strong character and look more physically healthy rather than to be well educated in the classroom. Hitler wanted his youth to feel that they are better than others are and be proud to be Germans. When in the classroom the teachers taught their curriculum to emphasize Nazi themes and history. The purpose of these male groups was that Hitler was training each and every boy in Germany to become soldiers; the uniforms that they wore were similar to that of the SS, an elite part of the army. The Hitler youth was really a training centre for future members of the SA or the SS. My theory on Hitler's ‘Deutsche Jungvolk' was that children were brainwashed with Nazi ideology and military tactics and concerns. Hitler had complete control over every single stage in the young German boy's lives. Girls were also forced to enrol in a group which was known as ‘Jungmadel' (young maidens) at the age of 10 to 14 and Girls from fourteen to eighteen were in the ‘Bund Deutcher Madel' (BDM) (League of German Girls), the BDM also offered a wide variety of other activities such as reduced rates at movie theaters, going on field trips, and attend camps that lasted anywhere from one day to several weeks. BDM groups got together 2 times a week, one of which was a sports afternoon, the other of which was called ‘Heimatabend' (home evening). During the home evening, girls played music, learned and sang folk songs, played games, or did arts and crafts. The BDM placed big importance on the girls' educations and expected that they would finish school. The purpose of the BDM was to teach women how to care for their health so they could prepare for motherhood and raise as many babies as the German population required and so they remained loyal to his Nazi regime. In conclusion, Hitler used these groups as an opportunity to spread his ideas throughout the nation, and to create a new generation that would be loyal and unified. He gave those under he's teachings a great discriminations of all Jewish people and taught them that they were a superior race. He believed that the future of Nazi Germany were the children and expected children to be like: â€Å"The weak must be chiseled away. I want young men and women who can suffer pain. A young German must be as swift as a greyhound, as tough as leather, and as hard as Krupp's steel.† – Adolf Hitler (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hitler_youth.htm) And the groups wore created for this very purpose to serve him if any uprising occurred. He trained children at such a young age as they wore easily susceptible to corruption from Hitler's words and they wore taught that he was a savior for all of Germany so the children looked up to him as if he was a god so they would remain loyal to him in the future. Explain the reason for Nazi policies towards Women b) Women are the foundation to a great new generation and Hitler came to comprehend this fact, to make a great new Germany he would have to control and persuade women to stay at home and raise big families, he saw women as only fit for motherhood and all his policies reflected that he wanted women to be only used to create a new generation of children loyal to Hitler's legacy. To convey his plans all equal rights towards women in the Weimar Republic were abolished. There was practically no equality as Nazi's believed that women had a role that was separate to that of the men so equality was not in the question, they said each sex has different tasks to do and their own separate rights and through this the Nazi's believed they wore being equal.. Hitler passed of laws which ensured that women fulfilled their duty at home and companies were encouraged to give all free job spaces to men. The first examples of women this happened to were women doctors and civil servants. Hitler also allowed no woman to be a judge or prosecutor as he thought they were unable to think logically and without emotion. Hitler needed women at home so that they could have more time on their hands to looking to raise a family so the German population would flourish. Nazis had reasons for their inequality towards women in society as they thought their place was very much in the home as child-bearers and supporters of their husbands. Nazi policies for women were based on the ‘3 K's, Kinder, Kirche, Kuche' (Children, Church and the Kitchen) and encouraged these policies by offering loans, family allowances and child subsides for women to stay at home and were also given medals if they had a large family. By encouraging women to do this and offering rewards for large families Germany's population would grow meaning more young boys being trained to being soldiers and more young girls turning into mothers so Hitler can fill the land he was planning to take control over with Germans. Though there were some exceptions to the policies set by the Nazi's, as if you was a woman of high importance and closely linked to Hitler personally there was some differences. Such as the film director Leni Riefenstahl, whom Hitler admired her work dearly. When he first attended one of her films showings, Hitler sought out the young director and after a very short time appointed her as ‘Film Expert to the National Socialist Party'. Over the next five years Riefenstahl made several films in which Hitler had requested, which in a state where women played a secondary role to men, Riefenstahl was given a free hand by Hitler to produce propaganda films for the Nazi regime. Hitler described Riefenstahl as ‘the perfect German woman'. Another exception was Eva Braun which was Hitler's ‘wife' whom he married only when both had reached a mutual decision to commit suicide a day after their marriage. Eva Braun met Hitler when she was 17 and at the age of 19 At the age of 19, she became Hitler's mistress, received a house, expensive clothes, fast cars and French perfume – but no wedding ring, she also was not pushed into having children which goes against Nazi policies. In conclusion, each policy put in place concerning women in Germany was done so for the sole purpose that they would be fit and efficient mothers such as being discouraged from slimming as this was considered bad for child birth. Though there were the exceptions of a few women who Hitler allowed to lead a life of luxury and freedom, giving them benefits that no other Nazi women could dream of experiencing. ‘The most important reason why there was little opposition in Germany towards the Nazi regime was its use of propaganda.' Explain how far you agree with this statement. c) I agree to this statement to quite a far extent as I feel the Nazi regime cleverly used their use of propaganda to sway the hearts and minds of the German people. Through their complete control of the media the Nazi's wore able to convince people that they are right or were winning the war thus gaining trust throughout Germany. They wore also able to censor any stories or articles which in someway discredit Nazi powers. But their use of deception in the media was not the only reason there was little opposition towards them, fear also played a major part in halting any opposition the Nazi's would otherwise have to face. Hitler had elected Joseph Goebbels as minister for ‘National Enlightenment' and he controlled the media and arts. It was his role to make sure that the media printed Nazi ideology and censored any other idea's put forward. He also set up the ‘Reich Chamber of Commerce' in 1933 and this was designed to deal with all literature, art, music, radio etc. and only those who was part of this chamber was allowed to produce anything from those categories but along side these restricts was the fear of punishment to oppose and of the policies set in place so you could only read, see and hear what the Nazis wanted you to. The use of censorship saw that there was little or no opposition in Germany as when Hitler came into power the Nazi's showed what would happen to things that did not conform to Nazi ideology and Goebbels organized mass book burning sessions in which any book that didn't agree with Nazi idea's was taken out of the library and burnt. Films that wore made at the time concentrated on Nazi beliefs and how Germans wore treated in Eastern Europe. These films helped sway the mind of the people causing little resistance against Nazi regime. Goebbels wanted every German to hear Nazi idea's so he insisted that radios wore constructed and sold cheap to each German citizen so they could hear Hitler give speeches, loud speakers were put up in streets and Cafes and other such properties were ordered to play in public speeches by Hitler, and the consistent hearing of Nazi ideology brainwashed those who listened into believing that the Nazi was the superior race and political system, â€Å"The essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can never escape from it.†- Goebbels http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/NaziGermany.htm Goebbels used propaganda to fuel Hitler's hatred for Jews and used them as a scapegoat for blaming Germany's dire situation at the time, and he also implemented young people to Nazi propaganda, Hitler youth, so when they grew up they would not appose his rulings and would follow him in whatever he would say. Even the 1936 Berlin Olympics was used as a way to glorify Nazi Germany and that it was here to stay. He also used propaganda to show how Hitler wanted best for the German people and was really a man of peace but was also determined to recover German territories ‘lost' as a result of the Versailles Treaty of 1919, and this appealed to must Germans and they had felt dishonoured by the land lost so would now not stand up against Hitler. Propaganda also presented Hitler as some sort of ‘mythical figure', for example his famous â€Å"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hrer† (‘One People, One Nation, One Leader') poster which gives the feeling that Hitler is guiding people's destiny and also depicted Hitler as ‘a man of the people'. Hitler used his youth groups as a form of propaganda, brainwashing the children into thinking that he is some sort of superior beings, there were even pictures of him in classrooms and it is reported that some children had started praying to the picture's of him like he was a God. With this mindset Hitler had a strong grip on the next generation that would not appose him in the future. But propaganda was not the only reason for the little opposition, Nazi's made sure their was swift and harsh punishment for those who undermined their ruling and mocking Hitler became an offence that could be punished by being sent to a concentration camp which could possibly lead to death. Hitler's secret police saw to it that anyone who went against the Nazi in any small way would be dealt the most serious of consequences and people wore expected to come to the police if they heard of any unrest against Nazi policies if they didn't they too would be punished, people wore too afraid to stand up against Hitler and his SS men. Also some Germans even though not liking Hitler's rule preferred it over any left wing communist groups, as Hitler did well in lowering unemployment rates buy implementing building, road and house works. Also his order of conscription of men into the army further reduced the amount of unemployed and Germans found thousands of jobs in factory work and weapons production so they benefited from Hitler being in power. People found themselves at a higher standard of living and did not wish to sacrifice it and go back to the days of the depression. Propaganda played a drastic part in why the Nazi's wore able to maintain control with little opposition in Germany, the use of blaming the Jewish people and making out Hitler to be a god made people side with the Nazi regime. The repetitive speeches brainwashed the people into feeling compassionate towards Hitler's cause but I do feel the pure fear of Hitler's SS men did stop many of the German public from speaking out in fear of execution or being murdered and also the fact that all the good Hitler had brought to the country people did not wish to return to their previous state with inflation and mass unemployment.

About Boosie

It was notorious for drugs and violence, a place feared by the general population. Boosie grew up with his mom and dad who nicknamed him after the '70s funk legend, Bootsy Collins. Although being raised by both of his parents was a rarity in his neighborhood, Boosie still struggled with dysfunction inside and outside of his home. Around the time he was starting high school, Boosie decided to come clean on wax about some of the trouble he was getting into, â€Å"l started rapping on tracks whenI was like 14 or 15, I was rapping before that but I Just didn't let anybody know 'cause I thought I wasn't good enough. † At fourteen years old, Boosie moved in to live with his grandmother after his father was murdered in drug-related activity. [2] Boosie became very involved in basketball to stay off the streets while attending high school and was actually expected to move on to college level basketball, but his involvement with drugs got him expelled from school. After being expelled from school, Boosie became serious about his music.Consequently, Boosie's residency in Baton Rouge, hich lacked a music scene, disadvantaged him from creating a diverse set of contacts and subsequently a lack of exposure. A mutual friend of Boosie and local rapper, C-Loc, introduced the two and before Boosie knew it, he was recording his homemade raps in a professional studio. Lil Boosie Mobile Desktop Content is available under CC BY-SA 3. 0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of use Privacy Search Wikipedia Lil Boosie Birth name Torrence Hatch Born November 14, 1982 (age 31) Origin Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U. S.Genres Southern hip hop Occupations Rapper Years active 998-present Labels Trill, Asylum, Bad Azz Entertainment, WMG Associated acts C- Loc, Pimp C, Webbie, Foxx, LoLa Monroe, Trae Tha Truth, C-Murder Website BoosieJustice. com Torrence Hatch (born November 14, 1982), better known by his stage name Lil Boosie, is an American rapper from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [1] Hatch was bestow ed the nickname Boosie by his family, and he was raised in southside Baton Rouge. He is currently serving time in the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola); Hatch was sentenced to eight years after pleading guilty to drug charges.I was like 14 or 5, I was rapping betore that but I Just didn't let anybody know 'cause homemade raps in a professional studio. [3] 1998-2001 : Camp Life & Youngest of tha Camp Boosie became serious about his music, deciding to become a professional rapper. Lil Boosie teamed up with Baton Rouge rapper C-Loc in the late 1990s. He started off as the youngest member of the Concentration Camp at the age of only 14. Boosie Joined the Concentration Camp group in 1998, after the release of the group's second studio album Concentration Camp II: Da Halocaust. He worked with rapper C-Loc and theCamp ; made his debut on C-Loc's fifth album, It's a Gamble in 2000 under his old alias Boosie and Concentration Camp third studio album Camp Ill : Thug Brothas in 2000. Soon after, he released Youngest Of Da Camp, his debut album in 2000 on Camp Life Entertainment. The album spread like wildfire, and was widely known in Baton Rouge. At the time of this album's recording, Boosie was only 17 years old. The album production was mostly handled by Happy Perez. The album featured C-Loc, Max Minelli & Donkey and more. After the incarceration, Boosie once again turned back to the streets.Ultimately, his behavior led to him also being incarcerated. The album sold 13, 000 units. 2001-2003: Trill Entertainment & For MY Thugz At this point, Boosie felt as though he was a failure. However, fate lent Boosie a hand, and Boosie had an opportunity to Join an up-and-coming record label called Trill Entertainment which was backed by its CEO the late Pimp C of IJGK in 2001. Trill signed Boosie and assisted him in bringing his legal issues to an end. Soon after, Trill independently released his debut album For My Thugz as his new alias Lil Boosie in 2002. 1] This release we nt on to sell over 15,000 copies. As of 2013, the album has sold 90,000 copies, according to Trill Entertainment. The album features Pimp C, Young Bleed, Webbie and more. 2003-2005: Ghetto Stories, Gangsta Muzik & Warner Bros. Later in the summer of 2003, Pimp C teamed up Booste to co-star with one of his label-mates, Webbie, on the album Ghetto Stories. The album also went on to sell well over 15,000 copies. As of 2013, the album has sold 120,000 units. In 2004, Lil ie & Webbie released T II Azz Mixtape & Trill Azz Mixes II. They treestyled over the hottest songs of 2004.Boosie paired up again with Webbie, to release their econd compilation album, Gangsta Musik. This is what really gained him popularity. According to Trill, the album sold 320,000 copies. Boosie's talent was now undeniable, and he caught the eye of some Universal Music Group representatives. In 2004 Lil Boosie ; South Coast Coalition released Both Sides of the Track. January 1, 2005 Boosie teamed up with Lava House Records to release United We Stand, Divided We Fall. He also released Street Code with Pat Lowrenzo. In 2005, Lil Boosie release Bad Ass (Advance) to promote Bad Azz. In late January 2005, Boosie signed a deal withWarner Bros. Records. [2] 2006-2008: Bad Azz ; Survival of the Fittest In early 2006 Trill release Bad Ass Mixtape Vol. l as a follow up to (Bad Ass Advance). In 2006, Boosie's major label debut album Bad Azz was released. [1] It contained the single â€Å"Zoom† featuring Yung Joc. A Bad Azz DVD followed where the rapper explained the death of his father due to drugs and his fght against diabetes. Late in the year, the Streetz Iz Mine mixtape appeared in cooperation with DJ Drama. In 2007 Lil Boosie release Bad Azz Mixtapes Vol. 2. In 2007, Boosie & Webbie was on the remix f â€Å"Wipe Me Down† by rapper Foxx.It was put on the Trill Entertainment compilation album Survival of the Fittest, which was released in 2007. In 2008 Boosie release Da Beginning Mixtape . At Lil Boosie 4th Of July Bash party he past out his new mixtape 4th Of July Bash. December 2008 Lil Boosie release Lil Boosie Presents: Da Click which feature Da Click consist of Hatch Boy, Locco, Quick & Sleek. It also popularized Lil Boosie's career as well. In 2008, Lil Boosie was featured on the single â€Å"Independent† by Webbie and was among several rappers to be featured on â€Å"Out Here Grindin† by DJ Khaled. 09: Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz ; Bad Azz Entertainment In 2009 Boosie released The Return Of Mr. Wipe Me Down as a promotion mixtape to his second major album. In 2009, Lil Boosie released the follow up to Lil Boosie Presents: Da Click called Da Click: â€Å"Street Kingz. In 2009, Lil Boosie released his second major album Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz. The first single from the album, â€Å"Better Believe It†, featured Webbie and Young Jeezy. There were promotional music videos from the album such as â€Å"I'm a Dog† & â€Å"Loose as a Goose†. Also in 2009, Lil Boosie had presented his debut label Bad Azz Entertainment.Lil Boosie released Thug Passion on his Bad Azz Entertainment label in 2009. Lil Boosie release Category 7: Bad Azz Hurricane with Hurricane Chris and Untouchable with LoLa Monroe. Lil Boosie also released The 25th Hours mixtape which on the interlude he speak on his prison term. 2010: Incarcerated In 2010 Lil Booste & C-Loc his former CEO release Unbreakable as a Compilation CD. ie nas announced while ne is still in prison on charges ot murder and conspiracy, and potentially facing the death penalty, he wants to move forward with his hip hop career. Boosie released his fourth studio album, Incarcerated, onSeptember 28 on Asylum Records. According to MTV News, the project is almost entirely produced by B. J. , although Mouse on Tha Track did some work on it as well. Webbie, Foxx and Lil Trill are among the featured guests. [4] Lil Boosie released Gone Til' December in 20 10, which is a mixtape album consisting of new music. Bad Azz Entertainment released ShouldVe Been My Beatz. Lil Boosie released 22504 with B. G.. In 2011 Quick release Hit After Hit 3 with Lil Boosie. In 2012 My Brother's Keeeper was released with Money Bagz & Quick. Also Under Investigation was released as a free ownload with Ray Vicks. 013-present: TBA In January 2013 Lil Booste spoke on his prison sentence and said, On September 13, 2013 it was reported that, Judges related to his case agreed to return Lil Boosie, his hard drives and his computers. The equipment contains a lot of music he had recorded before going to Jail, which could result in new music from him prior to his release. Jeff Weiss, who covered Boosie's trial for Rolling Stone, also reported that Boosie's attorneys believe that he will be released within the next five months. [5] Read in another language Last modified 13 hours agoEarly life Music career † â€Å"I have about 500 songs at the moment. I feel th at I'm making the best music I've ever made. The more I go through in life the better my music gets and it's been crazy the last three years. I keep my music heartfelt and stick to making real music. I wouldn't even say it's Hip Hop music. My music is ‘reality rap. ‘ Hip Hop music can make you dance and bob your head, but it can't make you cry or touch your heart like reality rap†.

Divisions in society: A choice Essay

The society that we move around has reinforced the divisions that are visible almost in every facet of our everyday lives. But is the diversity that we find in our society the true culprits that tend to divide our society? Are they to blame for the seeming divisiveness running rampant today? Can we truly say that we are a divided society? Looking around us, the reasons for this divisiveness that is present in our society is already visble without the usual investigation needed. From our clothes to the way we choose what to eat and how we speak, people tend to divide society into small compartments that will relieve them of the fears they have over other members of society. People have this tendency to seek comfort in what they are familiar with rather than broadening their horizons, so to speak. In this context, what truly divides society can be summarized into one word-FEAR. The apprehension of treading new ground and appreciating new beliefs and cultures seem to have laid a very strong foundation that nurtures this fear, and in good quantities, too. Television and advertisements have driven a wedge of sorts that inculacte a certain trend or doctrine, of you will allow the term, to classify the â€Å"have’s† and the â€Å"have not’s† in our society. Our viewpoints on certain matters do also differentiate us from one another, but that sholud not be the grounds that truly distinguish us from each other. What is truly essential is the respect we accord each one with beliefs, not whether we agree with them or not. Joining like minded groups of individuals can insulate one from other non-agreeable influences that we want to shutter out from our dalit lives. But does that answer the fear we have of others? This practice will not allow one to fully overcome this dread of others, in fact it might just trigger the opposite, of continually fearing what we don’t understand. Conclusion The divisions that have been wedged into our society have been for the most part one of choice, not of circumstance. It is one that must be taken out also by choice. People must strive to be more accepting of what others have chosen to be, or what they are. By what they are it is inferre that rather than throwing a blanket of faer on any one person, it would be better to discover the person behind it. Thus, a new appreciation of new cultures (or sub-cultures) would make for a more free-flowing, truly democratic society, each free to express

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International trade - Essay Example At the same time, least productive firms will be forced out and only produce for domestic market, this in turn will also lead to the exit of the least productive firms (Melitz, 2003). The Melitz model uses heterogeneous firms to perform its analysis under the general states of equilibrium. This concept explains how the exit of least productive firms leads to allocation of huge market shares to the well performing firms thus resulting into increase in productivity level. This indicates how certain firms are exposed to many opportunities by exit of the other non-performing ones. This paper also adapts the model for monopolistically competitive firms, that is, only highly competitive firms are given consideration under general equilibrium conditions. In addition, the concept suggests that uncertainty in production is a very important aspect and can help a great deal when trying to explain the behavior of firms. Uncertainty creates a business environment in which the players cannot predi ct the outcome of their competition and each firm therefore competes at its best. Also under this theory, there is an assumption that only the most productive firms that earn positive results remain in the competition. This analysis further puts focus on long run effects of this type of trade on performance and behavior of firms under different levels of productivity. Another very important aspect that this study emphasizes on is the introduction of dynamic future oriented market entry decisions by firms that are facing sunk costs of market entry. The study has focused on the importance of such market cost of such market entries and their effects on the firms’ competition. Description of the model The Melitz model focuses on three aspects to analyze its studies. These include demand, production, and aggregation. These aspects are relative and are majorly the key determinants in decision-makings. Demand Demand relates to consumer preferences. The preferences relating to the re presentative of the consumer can be got by CES utility function all over a range of goods that is represented by the company. The function below can be used in this analysis (w)q dw]1/p ? represent the value of the mass of the goods available. The available goods are considered a substitute which implies that P is less than 1, but greater than 0. 0 1 Consumer behavior in regards to demand can be analyzed by considering a set of products that the consumer takes against the aggregate price of the commodities. The presence of simultaneous entry and exit during the state of steady equilibrium can be attributed to the sunken market entry cost. It also explains the survival probabilities of exporting firms in the market (Johnson, 2010). These aggregates can be applied in deriving optimal consumption and decisions regarding expenditure of various individuals. Production The industry has many firms, and each of these firms chooses to produce variety of products w. the production process is viewed to require only one important factor, that is labor. The factor of production labor L is in-elastically available at its total level. The technological level of these firms is represented by cost functions hat show constant marginal cost that is characterized by fixed overhead cost. Labor used can therefore be represented using linear function for output q i.e 1= f + q/q. An assumption that all firms share similar fixed cost f

Why video games are violent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why video games are violent - Essay Example In order to answer this question, there are different angles from which the issue can be observed indicating the difference levels of the presence and absence of violence in video games. Video games are violent because they offer an alternative form through which one can â€Å"†¦absolve themselves of guilt or justify certain morally questionable acts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whereby video game players can release their inner feelings of violence that cannot be directed towards other people in the real world (Schaffer). With this in mind, video games are violent because they are virtual worlds in which there are no consequences for engaging in whatever violent acts that one pleases (Videogame Addiction). Therefore, video games are violent to provide a safe proving ground in which violent behavior can be virtualized and enacted in a safe manner that cannot harm anyone, the player included. Arguments are that this is the main reason to rid real life situations of potential acts of violence t hat may lead to severe consequences such as death (Schaffer).

Marketing Plan- Marketing metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Plan- Marketing metrics - Essay Example This will involve advertising campaigns. There has been significant improvement in database technologies which has made it possible for companies to gain access of customer specific information as well as competitor specific information. GGI should use such information while devising their strategies. They should identify innovative drivers to determine customer value. They need to work on enhancing their brand image since they are a relatively new entrant in the retail market. They have to build a favorable image for their brand in the customer’s mind and find out ways to attract greater number of customers and retain their existing customers. Identified Key Marketing Metrics GGI is planning to open 10 new retail stores in addition to the one it already has. This will involve substantial expenditures which have necessitated the identification of certain key marketing metrics that will enable GGI to justify their marketing expenditure. These marketing metrics will facilitate t hem to formulate strategies to enhance the performance of the company. The company can use a wide range of marketing metrics namely brand value metrics, word of mouth and referral value metrics, acquisition and retention metrics, customer value metrics, multichannel shopping metrics, product return metrics and cross buying and up buying metrics (Peterson & Et. Al., 2009). Other metrics include direct mail response rates and advertising, market share, wallet share, return on investment and customer relationship management (CRM). Recommendation on How GGI Can Improve on the Key Marketing Metrics The brand image is an extremely important intangible asset of a company. The brand image determines the future purchases made by customers, helps in developing customer loyalty and ensures customer retention. Thus, the brand value metrics is very important for GGI since it is a new entrant in the retail industry. The brand value metrics can be improved by creating an ethical and responsible im age for the company and stressing on quality of products. A company can experience considerably high purchases based on word of mouth publicity generated for the company. The predicted referral value score of each customer determines which customers should be targeted during the next period by providing them referral incentives. The word of mouth and referral value metrics and acquisition and retention metrics can be improved by enhancing the experience of the existing customers by providing superior quality products and excellent services. Multichannel shopping metrics can be improved by introducing innovative methods of purchase. The company can introduce online purchases. Improvements in cross buying and up buying metrics depend on special efforts on the part of the sales personnel. The enhanced efforts of the sales personnel makes customer buy products that they may not have planned to purchase earlier. The direct mails should be increased. The advertising should be done through multiple advertising vehicles. Wallet share refers to the amount of business generated from specific customers. Reaching out to wider range of customers by providing a wider range of products helps in increasing wallet share. This will also help in improving the ROI metrics. The CRM should be made more interactive. A closer watch on the competitors’

The Christian Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Christian Tradition - Essay Example The New Testament Christians also believe that they descended from the old Testament prophets and cannot deviate from such a believe in one true God since it worked well with their ancestors who were favored by God over other surrounding nations. There is also a belief that God will accept all who will come to believe in Him and renounce all other gods they have been worshiping (Grenz 75). Just like the Old Testament Christians, the modern Christians also believe that the Invisible God has revealed himself to us through Jesus Christ. They believe that Jesus is the messiah or the savior who is God’s own son and divine in nature (Harris 40). The bible in the gospel of John chapter 3 and verse 16 refers Jesus as God’s only begotten son who He gave to come and die for the forgiveness of sins of many. The New Testament Christians believe that Jesus died and resurrected to redeem us from our sins and this is for all who will believe in Him (Bible 823). Jesus is therefore the pillar of Modern Christians because their faith is totally based on Him. He is believed to be the Head of the church and the King of all creation hence Christians have to confess that Jesus is Lord to receive the salvation that comes from Him. Jesus is believed to have the divine nature in Him and He himself is God. In the gospel of John chapter 17 and verse 21, Jesus calls Himself the Son and God the Father to bring a distinction in His form. However, He declares that He the Son and God the Father are one (Bible 840). The New Testament Christians also believe that there is the indwelling spirit who guides them in their daily walk with God. Before Jesus left this world to go and be with the father, He promised to leave His disciples a helper and that is the Holy Spirit. In the gospel of John chapter 14 verses 16 and 26, Jesus declares the Holy Spirit coming from the Father and coming to represent Him in the world and

How Has Being a Christian Affected the Life Essay

How Has Being a Christian Affected the Life - Essay Example The researcher states that until he was about 12 years-old that he began to understand why the pilgrimage to church each week was important to his parents and soon after, what had been a mindless and somewhat boring routine became important to him.   Maybe it was because the author was a little bored in church and the Bible was the only reading material available but regardless of the motivations, he started his own routine of reading the red-letter parts of the New Testament each Sunday. Entranced by the words of Jesus, this habit progressed to late evenings at home and even on the bus to school. The researcher found the words of Christ simple, to the point and ultimately a path to inner contentment and happiness. His words are, essentially, a guidebook for life. It was during this period in the author’s life, early teenage years, that the spirit of God entered his life through the words of His Son and this connection has grown stronger by the year. The researcher made the transition from attending church as a matter of custom to being a devoted Christian gradually throughout the middle-school years; a time when having faith is certainly a benefit. Though the author knew it wasn’t uncommon for everyone to have feelings of awkwardness at this age, this knowledge did not help soothe his own feelings of inadequacy. The researcher wasn’t considered one of the cool, popular kids and neither were 99 percent of the students but again, this mathematical fact did not help either. Most of the author’s friends from church attended other schools and the couple of people he associated with in elementary school had different class schedules. The researcher felt very alone, vulnerable and intimidated. The ‘other’ students seemed more mature and sure of themselves which was more a result of his distorted self-perception than a reality nevertheless this feeling was very real at that time. The researcher did not feel comfortable tellin g anyone close to him such as his parents or his once-a-week friends from church so the author took solace in prayer. It gave him inner-strength in a time of self-doubt and confusion. Reading the Bible also helped considerably. Besides the lessons and wisdom gained from its pages, the realization that Jesus was not a popular figure either and had also a small circle of friends was of some comfort. Being a Christian at this time of great uncertainty was very beneficial.   It gave the author something solid in his life to hold on to at a time when he needed it the most.  

ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC - Essay Example This helps the musician in achieving different tunes for the song through amplification, mixing and muting some beats. My enjoyment of music has more to do with the appreciation of the technical thinking behind the music as opposed to discrete aptitudes of the musician. I appreciate music in its spatial and temporal reasoning nature such as the ability to visualize the sounds produced by the violin in both time and space. This enhances my reasoning ability to reason which is mostly important my career filed. The spatial temporal aspects of music ensure that I develop higher brain function in the creation of such structures for computer programming. This is because, for me to construct a good program, I should be able to construct it in my head by totally visualizing it and its consequences of the total output, by progression like in music, as opposed to doing a line by line of the code. Appreciation of music is highly felt on the beats produced by the different instruments. The fact that artists are able to differentiate the different types of instruments being played even without seeing them and even when they are very many is very inspiring in computer science. The specifics of such instruments can be impacted on computers such as the ability to readily distinguish sounds when every drum vibrates at specific frequencies by arranging and designing the drums according to tension, size, shape and composition. The wide spectrum of frequencies and pure tones produced by vibrating membranes inspires the production of such nodes in computers. Music uses codes as a form of expression. In its abstract nature, music requires interpretation and performance in order to relay the message. The written codes in music have more meaning than the surface meaning. Likewise, computer programmers also use codes to express themselves. My ability to read through the musical codes presented in music is

Rugby Union and Nationalism in Irelandnat Research Paper

Rugby Union and Nationalism in Irelandnat - Research Paper Example What the considerations of this context to be explored includes historical accounts of Irish rugby, British media portraits of Irish rugby union, and the views of contemporary international Irish rugby players. The concept of "identity" can be summarized as the deep-rooted subjective feelings and valuations of any group of people who share common experiences and cultural characteristics (Bloom, 1990). Individuals are not tied to one identity but with their multiple and complex personal identities that are continually molded by societal dynamics. National Identity is among these where within its terminology: the nation and feelings of "nationness" are largely articulated through national culture (Schwarz, 1992). A national culture in many ways is composed of a set of competing discourses bound to the actions of specific social groups. Dominant social groups can therefore manufacture identities about "the nation" the public, can relate. Identifications with the nation are deeply anchor ed in "national history" is continuously narrated through stories, memories, and images. This symbolic historical ritual of narrations is consequently loaded with the "recollection of shared experiences" of a people in the form of an "imagined community" (Anderson, 1983), which gives meaning onto the nation. However, this representation can also become part of a person's "second nature" and turned "real" for example, through sporting affiliations rather than simply imagined. When considering the relationship between sport and the nation, it has been widely acknowledged that sport and national identity have been closely associated over the past century and a half. Sporting competition arguably provides the primary expression of imagined communities; the nation (at least temporarily) turning real in the domain of sports. (Bale, 1986) states that, "Whether at local, regional or national level, sport is, after war, probably the principal means of collective identification in modern life ." Brief History of Sports and Nationalism of United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Historically, sporting identities have reflected also the national identities within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The "Celtic Fringe" has used sports in various ways as a means of asserting its own national identities. For example, in the late nineteenth century, Irish cultural nationalists, eager to reclaim their cultural identities by forging a new Irish nation, rejected "British" sports and established their own Gaelic games under the arm of Gaelic Athletic Association (Mandle, 1987). Case study: Documents that Relate Rugby Union, National Identity, and Ireland Diffley (1973) and Van Esbeck (1974, 1986, 1999) extensively documented the "story" of Irish rugby and here is a brief overview of the official histories of the relationship between rugby union and national identity in Ireland. Van Esbeck (1974) states that, "the essential physical character of the game is certainly compatible with the essential character of the Irish temperament. . . ." implying present is a special tie between rugby and being Irish. Diffley's (1973) accounts: The players may . . . play as intensely as teams from any other country but . . . in the

Reading Autobiography Essay Example for Free

Reading Autobiography Essay Although I do not have many vivid memories of my childhood the few things I do recall from my early years mostly seem to focus around school and my academics and interactions with children my own age. It is nearly impossible to pinpoint when exactly it was that I began to read but it must have been somewhere around the end of kindergarten and the beginning of first grade. I didn’t attend preschool so up until kindergarten my primary interaction with others was in my first language, Spanish. I can recall learning the alphabet and the sounds of all letters and I started to make out certain words like ‘see’ and ‘my’. The most influential person in the process of acquiring the skills I needed to read must have been an instructional assistant, Mr. Torres who would help me and other bilingual students regularly in the classroom. Of course the instruction by my teacher set the basis for my learning but the one on one help that he provided helped me make connections to my learning in Spanish and that made me feel very comfortable. The first books I began to read must have been simple stories that I came to memorize. Stories like The Gingerbread Man or Brown Bear that had repetitive lines were probably how I started to make connections with words, sounds and pronunciation of those words and sounds. Learning to read made me feel empowered and I remember wanting to read â€Å"big kids† books once I felt I was capable. Among my favorite types of books were scary chapter books like the series of Goosebumps as well as biographies of famous athletes. Among my least favorite must have been nonfiction and folktale because they never really managed to pull me in and I was always very skeptical about such fantasy. Unfortunately, this thrive to read did not last very long because I started to drift away from the constant practice of reading around the fifth grade and started seeing it more as an obligation rather than a choice. As a whole the literacy environment in my household was actually a very positive one and ever since I can recall my mom has always been a big reader and has many books and magazines throughout the house. All of her reading though was done in Spanish when I was growing up because as I was learning how to read my mom was learning the English language. My dad on the other hand has never been a big reader. Actually I can’t recall a time when I have seen him sit down and read something simply for leisure. I also had an older sister who was just a grade ahead of me in school and she has always been a bit of a bookworm and was constantly going through different books as we grew up. Even with all these things I think the language barrier influenced my detachment from reading. In my household we rarely spoke English, maybe if my mom and dad knew the language or were more comfortable with it they might have pushed me to read more or took the time to sit down and read to me. Come to think of it my mom would read to me but she would do it in Spanish and it was a bit boring for me. She would read common stories that I had already heard like the three little pigs or something of that sort and all I would gain out of this was amusement because the way things translated to me was funny. My mom did take us to the city Library and I remember going to story time or to some sort of show based on books. I remember seeing a magician and also petting a snake. As for having materials to read and write, there was always plenty throughout my house. My mom kept a full stock of pencil and paper as well as of books it was just a matter of me doing the actual work. She constantly asked me to explain to her what I was reading or writing for school but I always seemed to find a way to not spend too much time with it because all I wanted to do was play with the neighborhood kids or run off to soccer practice. In school the literacy environment was very positive as well and I remember how much time and dedication the faculty would place on reading and the development of reading skills. I can’t remember who formally taught me how to read but it must have been either Mrs. Diamond or Miss Falgot my first and second grade teachers, because by third grade I remember being able to read fluently. They used several different types of methods but I remember being read to very often by Miss Falgot. I do recall being placed in groups and having partners whom you read to and vice versa. I believe both Mrs. Diamond and Miss Falgot were key role players in my acquisition of reading skills and although I don’t recall specifics they did their job because by third grade I was at the top of my class. I do remember a particular case that had a bit of a negative effect on me in terms of reading. I remember being in either fourth or fifth grade reading as a class and the teacher called on me to read a paragraph. I don’t remember what I was thinking but I was not listening and wasn’t even on the right page, once I located it I got nervous and couldn’t even read. Luckily the teacher called on someone else but I felt horrible. As a class throughout elementary I remember visiting the library and running to the sport books section. The Library was so calm and always cool and I remembering going in there on hot summer days to get away and read a good book. The librarian I remember was always very sweet and she was very patient with all the students. As for literacy events the only thing that is clear in my mind is the book fairs that occurred maybe twice or three times a year. They were very fun and I remember they made even the boring books seem interesting. They set up all kinds of posters and it was something that I always looked forward to. As an adult I began to pick up old habits especially after I came into college. I can’t say I read a lot but I do find time to fit in a book every once in a while. I am still a big fan of autobiographies and I have recently developed a liking for books in Spanish. I usually read on the weekends when I am well rested and have slept in. I also like to go to parks and sit in the shade and enjoy a good book or story or even an interesting article. I think reading is very important and not only to help us expand our vocabulary or help us academically but when you read a good book you get a chance to escape your everyday and it gives you an insight into a story or a character in the way a TV or radio cannot. It captivates you and manages to get all of your attention but at the same time relaxes you. I think reading is something that should be taught to students but not just in order to help them academically but educators should also focus on showing the importance of literature in our lives and the positive way it influences our lives down the road something the media of today cannot manage to do. Writing equally should be not only taught for the purpose of education but in a way those students value it and continue to practice it even without a teacher pushing them to do so.

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Example for Free

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Of course, Marlow is the only one we really need be concerned with, as it is he who goes on to co-narrate the rest of the book. The Director of Companies doubles as the captain and the host. This shows how they generally look upon him with affection, trust and respect. The Lawyer is older than the rest and possesses many virtues. The Accountant is toying with dominoes, trying to start a game. This possibly shows his views are childish and not generally considered with a lot of respect by his associates, or by Conrad himself. All of them already have the bond of the sea. and they are tolerant of one another. However, there is then Marlow. He has a rather withered appearance He had sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion He is a man who doesnt really characterize his class: although he is a seaman, he is also a wanderer, which is rather strange, since most seamen live inactive lives aboard the ship. These ideas can be read into by just taking into account the first description of Marlow. The sallow skin and sunken cheeks dont give the impression that he is healthy or happy. He is certainly different from everyone else on the boat. It doesnt seem coincidental that hes the only person on the s boat who is named too. He is distinct from them because he has no category that fits him. This could be part of Conrad giving the reader an idea of Marlows unreliability throughout his whole narration. It is certainly explored as the book continues. This is Conrads way of arranging the overall structure of the novel. People do realise that it is going to be a remembrance of a story, and this story accounts for Marlows presently shaky, impenetrable state. Yet, it is out of the ordinary that he does also say that Marlow resembled an idol. The fact he put this in may suggest that he is being looked up to, and the fact he survived Africa and back is impressive. After the crews descriptions, the whole passage focuses on again describing the setting, and then bringing historic recollection of the surroundings. Conrad mentions Sir Francis Drake to Sir John Franklin, two of the famous explorers that travelled down the same river. During this same passage he then talks about feelings of the British people the germs of empires, who manipulated other human beings and resources. This goes a long way to revealing Conrads view on the slavery and demolition. Despite all the mention of it in Heart of Darkness, it is noticeable how Conrad assumes peoples knowledge of colonialism. The resentment of Marlows recollection makes obvious Conrads own strong bias against colonialism, which he does wants to pass on to the reader. Overall, the introduction serves as a good beginning to the book. In the passage, Conrad manages to introduce most of his main themes. There is darkness, which is very large topic, and how it can serve/be viewed in different contexts. We are made aware of Marlow himself and his unreliability/madness (caused due to the voyage ). Also, there is already a brief introduction into his views on colonialism/imperialism too. Due to this, you get an impression of his views early on, and as a result almost get ready to view the rest of the book in the way he may of intended you to. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay Most of us dont think much about organic refuse once disposed off. It is important to realize the importance of waste recycling, especially for power generation because it will pave way for preservation of the fast depleting natural resources. Organic materials from farm waste can very easily be treated to produce renewable energy. Biomass technologies make use of combustion processes for power generation and therefore can be harnessed at anytime unlike solar or wind energy which is dependent on natures whims. Ethanol can be extracted from crops which in turn is used to fuel cars powered by bio fuel and can also be used in producing electricity. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. Biomass gasification system is being employed in order to generate electricity. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopts the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and operation is also convenient. Biomass gasification is a simple and relatively old process, in which biomass is heated to very high temperatures in an atmosphere of less than 1% oxygen. Under these conditions, it does not burn in flames, but turns into a producer gas. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. Thats it. The plant proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million. In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. The projected cost of producing 1,176,000 KW/ year electricity will be approximately Rs 11 million that will yield income around Rs. 1,341,100. This project is very important from the Pakistan perspective. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years. The problem becomes severe during the summers. Large numbers of users have to be disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating stations (load shedding). On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding of 8-10 hours every day. During the same time rural consumers suffered it for up to 20 hours at a stretch. Such projects not only solve electricity problems, creates employment opportunities but also pave the way towards development. Throughout the world m of energy. It is a basic requirement for economic development and for an adequate standard of living. As a countrys population grows and its economy expands its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a shortage in supply occurs. 2.0 Introduction Every person is in the state of failure. Whether it is child who fails to get good marks in test or employee who has failed to achieve his target and get abominated by his boss whose business is suffering from losses. All this is happening in Pakistan because of one reason only, that is the electricity outages. Each day dozens of people are protesting on roads, outside the parliament, governor house, WAPDA, PEPCO to demand electricity round the clock. The role of electricity cannot be undermined in uplifting the economy of a country and improving the standard of living of its people. However many developing countries like Pakistan have been facing acute deficiency in electricity. Currently Pakistan is going through the crises of power outages causing destruction to our economy and increasing frustration amongst the people. At present, there is a dire need to explore alternative energy resources that are indigenous, cost effective, environmental friendly and quick to implement rather than just relying on dams that require long term construction process and heavy investments. The availability of heat and electricity forms an essential ingredient of a living society. The need for energy is ever increasing due to technological revolution occurring all over the globe. Hence, there is a pressing need to generate additional energy to bridge the supply demand gap. This calls for technologies, which is cost-effective and require less gestation period from conception to realization. Biomass is one such energy source that offers solutions matching the above requirements. Biomass has several aspects of utility in the society and there is substantive residue left unutilized after the societal needs are met with. Biomass is organic material, which has stored solar energy from sunlight in the form of chemical in the plants through the process called photosynthesis. Biomass fuels include agricultural wastes; crop Residues, Wood, Woody Waste Organic wastes etc. Unlike fossil fuels Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon while growing. It is the cheapest, eco-friendly, renewable source of energy. Here we have a business plan to use indigenous alternate energy sources to generate electricity which is cost effective and quick to implement. Pakistan is a country of diverse ecology. Northern areas have rich reserves of pine trees littering their needles and foliage the years around and covering vast land with thick biomass. The cultivable plans of Punjab and Sindh are producing crops with biomass like rice husk, cotton waste, corn empty combs, shells of peanuts, almonds, apricot and dates, even household garbage which is thrown away. 2.1. Potential Benefits of Biomass: Reducing carbon emissions if managed (produced, transported, used) in a sustainable manner Enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources utilizing local resources Reduced problem of biomass waste management Possible additional revenues for the agricultural and forestry sectors Biomass (plant matter) used to generate electricity with steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat by direct combustion is a substitute for fossil fuels and has environmental and social-cost benefits. Combustion of waste has been used for many years as a way of reducing waste volume and neutralizing many of the potentially harmful elements within it. Combustion can only be used to create an energy source when heat recovery is included. Heat recovered from the combustion process can then be used to power turbines for electricity generation. The role of biomass in electricity production is very important by using wastes. According to Indian company the distribution and installation cost by using rice husk is around $1/W, one of the lowest in the world and replaces around 42,000 liters of kerosene and 18,000 liters of diesel per year. The company also claims that it plans to save about $50 million in two years by providing an alternative to kerosene and diesel. 2.2. Business Concept: RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Pakistan is an agricultural country producing large amount of agricultural residues annually from bagasse, rice husk, palm oil and wood waste, which have a high electricity potential. If these unexploited residues are utilized, the total potential of biomass fuel sources and also power production capacity of the nation would be doubled. Based on this forecast we are proposing to start a business that will generate electricity by means of rice husk- biomass. Rice is more than a staple for Pakistanis. It has a prominent place in most of rituals from the wedding to the funeral. To produce rice in milling process, rice husk is removed when passing through the process. Rice husk is the outer cover of rice that accounts for about 20% by weight of the rice. Rice husks, which are a waste product of the rice crop and found aplenty in villages, has been used as fodder for cattle and to make particle boards by a few wood-based companies. In the past, rice husk was mostly dumped as waste that caused waste disposal problem for the mills. Also, when rice husk is fermented by microorganisms, methane is emitted contributing to global warming problem. Rice husk is a fine and light particle and can cause breathing problems. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. In order to avoid failure, the business will be started at the small scale by producing electricity for rice mill using rice husks. If we get successful we will extend our boundaries and use every biomass to generate electricity and make the country a self sufficient electricity generation country. This development will most certainly improve the living conditions of people, allowing them to experience better standards of living, and possibly giving them the chance to develop better sources of livelihood. It involves the construction and operation of a new rice husk power plant with approximately 200 KWh. The process allows rice husks to be substituted for fossil fuel. This novel way of producing electricity will provide a reliable supply and is cheaper than alternatives, translating to a savings of million liters of fuel oil per year and precious foreign exchange. Taking advantage of biomass also decreases air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the quantity of fossil fuel burned 3.0 Description of venture We are proposing the establishment of a firm that will provide electricity at affordable price to industries and nearby residential areas. We are providing cheap electricity from rice husk at low rate. Rice husk is wasted in Pakistan but we can utilize it in producing electricity and its further waste (rice husk ash) can also be used in In rubber industry as reinforcing agent In cement industries Cosmetics In tooth pastes as anti-caking agents In water purifier as purifier The nature of our business will be partnership. Three principals would be involved each with their own share and contribution. The principals of this venture are fresh graduates of Management Sciences Department of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore. 3.1. Size of business The firm aims to start up its business at small scale catering only one region i.e. Gujranwala, Pakistan with a startup capital of 20 million. The small physical plant would be able to accommodate a small setup and the initial finance would be able to facilitate a small venture like this. After gaining success we can further try to provide electricity to different regions at low rates. 3.2. Plant equipment and personnel Our equipment divided into three parts Biomass gasifier Biomass purification system Generator 3.3. Availability of rice husk About 600 million tonnes of rice paddy was produced all over the world out of which an estimated 5.5 million tonnes was grown in Pakistan in 2005-06. Rice husk is the outer covering of the rice grain that is removed as a result of milling process on rice kernel. On average 20% of rice paddy is husk places the global estimate of the rice husk at 120 million tonnes. This means that in Pakistan alone, about 1.1 million tonnes of rice husk was generated in year 2005-06 [Bronzeoak Ltd, 2002 and Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan]. The amount of rice husk available depends on season and rice production capacity of the rice mill. If sometimes there are not enough rice husks from the Rice mill to meet the requirement, the power plant will buy from others rice mills within the province 3.4. Vision To lighten the ordinary peoples life 3.5. Mission Want to brighten peoples lives by providing affordable, local and sustainable energy solutions and promoting productive uses of agricultural wastes with the help of inimitable workforce 3.5. Objectives To provide cheap and environmental friendly energy solutions to the homes and industries of Pakistan To upgrade simple energy technology of rice husk in order to improve productivity of industries To reduce energy costs by substituting agricultural waste rice husk as bio fuel instead of costly fossil fuel 3.6. Keys to  success Following keys to success have been identified, that if they are followed, the likelihood of sustainable business and success will significantly increase: To offer products that are demanded by consumers To provide electricity at affordable prices To ensure 100% customer satisfaction by working 24/7/365. 4.0 Product Description Generating electricity from rice husk that is a outer cover of rice. The electricity we provide will be at lower rates than WAPDA. 4.1. Competitive Analysis The rice processing industry, through the implementation of plant can operate 24 hours a day, 346 days a year. The use of rice husks for fuel does not create competition with food crops since the rice husks would otherwise be agricultural waste 4.2. Environmental Friendly Biomass can be used for reduce greenhouse effect because trees absorb CO2 as they grow and this carbon is released when the biomass is combusted. Thus, the net amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere during energy production through the use of biomass over the entire life cycle is nearly zero. Also its combustion temperature is lower than fossil fuel combustion, it is anticipated that there will be lower NOx emissions. Since biomass contains little sulphur compared to coal, it is also expected that there will be lower SOx emissions. 4.3. Production Plan Biomass gasification plant is being employed in order to generate electricity. The production process starts with the continuous conveying of rice husks in a sequential order as follows: from the storage yard to the indoor storage, to the grinder, to the service silo and finally to the furnace chamber of a boiler. The process of gasification involves controlled burning of the biomass to produce a particular cocktail of gases, called the producer gas. This gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a little bit of methane. Producer gas is a combustible gas. It is fed into a gas engine, which drives an alternator to produce electricity. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. The design of the plant involved a lot of research and development, especially regarding the fuel feeding, combustion regulation and ash removal. Raw a nd hot producer gas could be used for meeting thermal needs or could be cooled and cleaned, and used in reciprocating engines or gas turbines for power generation. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopt the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and convenient. The engines and generator, electrical equipment should be arranged indoor, but other equipment can be arranged outdoor. The area of building for each 200KW generator unit is approximately 40-50m2. Through the above process, biomass gasification power generation converts various kinds of wastes into electricity, reducing pollution due to waste disposal and making better use of energy. 4.4. Feasibility Study According to analysis done by Southern Brazilian Rice Processing Cooperative Agriculture return on investment through Payback, or return on invested capital (one of the simplest indicators of investment that considers the time at which the project will pay the initial investment) is 3.86 years if they install micro power system. Rice husk electricity generation project is really successful in India. According to Indian website rice husk is burnt to produce enough energy for powering a turbine and producing electricity. As of now, there are 60 mini-rice husk powered electricity plants that light 25,000 households in different parts of the country. According to them production cost will be Rs. 2/K Wh. Any industry persons would be ready to have power at Rs. 2/KWh. India who has built its first plant in Bihar has extended his netwok in various villages. Moreover, Golden Rice Cambodia has invested $2 million in a rice-husk electricity plant in order to power local rice mills. In Thailand a pilot plant project of capacity 9.8 MW is installed and is successful. The project has been established since July 2000. In Thailand, a large portion of the electricity production is from fossil fuels causing concern for energy security as well as environmental emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOX. Biomass has been proposed as one of the alternative (renewable) energy sources of energy which can, to extent, offset the use of fossil fuels. Experts said that Pakistan has great potential to produce electricity from rice husk because it holds important place in rice producing countries (The nation, 8th June 2009). The use of husk power allows cheap electricity to reach homes without relying on expensive and polluting electricity imported from China. He also advised the rice mills to build up biomass power plants, which can be fuelled by rice husk and get output ranging from 100kw to 1.2MW for each unit of equipment. By utilizing of waste heat, the millers can get much steam that is useful for a rice mill, he maintained. The secret lies not in the biomass gasification system, which is so simple that even a person who cannot read and write can operate it with a little bit of training, (Indian website source) 5.0 Market Analysis 5.1. Industry Analysis WAPDA is the sole producer of electricity in Pakistan. It is providing electricity to the commercial as well as the residential areas. But unfortunately WAPDA performance is not good in the last two decades. According to Pepco, nationwide demand went beyond 16,337MW but the company could not manage more than 10,261MW leaving a shortfall of 6,070MW.Earlier, PEPCO had claimed that load shedding will be carrying out according to schedule. However, no schedule has been released so far and load shedding is carried out for 7 to 10 hours in the cities and for up to 15 hours in rural areas. Because of which industries are suffering loss and our economy is also going down and our exports are becoming less which further decreases balance of payments. Moreover, after frequent intervals the per unit price also increases that increases the cost of production and ultimately producer increase their prices and shifts their burden to consumers. 5.2. Market Segmentation The market segmentation for biomass gasifier electricity plant will provide electricity to the: Commercial areas Industrial zones The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily import rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. 5.3. Target market Nowadays in Pakistan the electricity consumption has been surpassed and supply of electricity is insufficient to meet the demand. Many industries have been shut down causing unemployment due to this critical situation. These industries use more amount of electricity due to which provision of electricity to households also affects badly. Industries should have their own separate setup for electricity generation instead of depending on government to provide them electricity. So the major targeted areas where we can provide electricity through rice husk are: Industries Households Commercial areas Industries: Industries especially the rice mills can get electricity at a very affordable price through biomass power production without relying on fossil fuel combustion. The small scale power plant will help to meet the needs of power of the specific factory. It will assist Pakistan sustainable growth to keep up with the industrialized world. Households: As the major source of electricity in Pakistan is WAPDA. Citizens cant do anything when the light has gone so all the routine and lifestyle of citizens get disturbed by this situation. Thats why by using biomass production plant we produced electricity so households also enlightened their houses and do their work freely. Commercial areas: Biomass production plant is able enough to provide electricity to majority of people. Commercial areas such as main bazaars, small outlets are also affected by the deficiency of electricity as their business stuck by the deficiency of electricity. So by producing electricity through rice husk we can make this situation better. Hence our target market is meeting the criteria of effective targeting which includes the following characteristics: The characteristics of the segments targeted are identifiable. The target market is sizeable enough to generate reasonable profits. Our target market is stable in terms of life styles and consumption patterns. Our market is accessible in an economical way. 5.4. Marketing Mix PRODUCT The company aim to produce electricity by using rice husk biomass gasifier plant. The conversion of plant material into energy takes place inside a biomass gasifier. So through this process more electricity will be produced. PRICING STRATEGY Cost pricing strategy will be used that is after determining the cost, profit will be added to decide at which price per unit electricity will be sold. We will charge different prices to residential and commercial areas. Rs. 9.90 per unit will be charged to residents and Rs. 13.90 per unit to industries. PLACE The power plant will be besides the rice mill so that transportation cost will be minimal. The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills like Adil company, Agroman Crystal rice mill, Ahsan rice mill, Al Fajar rice mill, Al haidi rice mill, Al hameed rice mill, Al Riaz rice mill, Al Shauq Rice and processing mill etc. that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily take rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. So, availability of rice husk will not be a problem in this region. PROMOTION The basic marketing challenge is to come up with a cohesive campaign to attract rice millers to take electricity from our company. This can be achieved by a giving them a solid value proposition, that they can get reliable energy for substantially lower rates. We will make them see the comparison of prices between rice husk electricity and the alternatives that they have. 5.5. Analysis of competitors In Pakistan, WAPDA enjoys the monopoly in producing electricity at such a big scale. The main problem with WAPDA is that it has a high demand for electricity but its supply to its users is low. Because of its failure in providing electricity around the clock and continual increase in per unit electricity prices at frequent intervals many industries has built up their own power set-ups like Bahria town. But they arent our direct competitors. The primary reason is that our target market is different. We are targeting those areas that are getting electricity from WAPDA at high rates. We will provide them electricity at not only at cheaper rates but also the availability of electricity will be ensured around the clock. 5.6. Assessment of risk Main risk will be continuous supply of biomass and Climatic conditions. This can be mitigated by carrying out an in depth survey of the biomass availability in the area and ensuring that the plant can use a variety of biomass. 5.7. Internal Analysis Strengths The resources used for rice husk energy technology are mainly by-products that result minimal cost for the raw materials in electricity production. Rice husk technology is more reliable than the alternative energy sources. Unlike wind turbines and dams, it is not dependent on geographic areas Rice husk is also more strategic than other forms of biofuel because it does not take away materials that are still edible, unlike in corn or wheat fuel. A source of revenue is the sale of ash, a waste- product that emerges by using rice husk technology. Having this secure source of raw materials supports Pakistan to become more energy-independent Weaknesses: Shortage of raw material Low production of rice due to floods Latest technology not being used in Pakistan No government support. 7.0 Management Summary The organization will be led by three principals. 7.1. Authority of principals There will be equal authority among the principals. The signatures of at least 3 members would be required to take any decision financial or otherwise. 7.2. Roles and responsibilities of members of organization Mubeena Farasat will deal in accounting and finance Ayesha Aleem will deal in marketing Abeera Pervaiz will deal in technical and production 8.0 Financial Analysis 8.1. Statement of financing needed The amount of Rs. 20 million is used as a start up finance. This amount will cover the initial financial requirement for setting up a small production plant. The costs relating to the purchase of machinery and the setup; the physical place for operation; the contract with the firms for the regular supply of rice husk, fuel to burn the rice husk will be the major cost; also the hiring of human resource for operating the machinery is the cost that would be borne at the end of the month. Composition of Capital Plant and Machinery Purchase of machinery is the major decision as it requires heavy financing. Because of capital shortage manual feeding of rice husk is done instead of purchasing belt conveyor that can convey the material to the gasifier furnace. Our equipment is majorly divided into three parts, biomass gasifier, biomass purification system and generator. Major machinery may includes feeding machine, gas tank, gasifier furnace, purifier, filters, pipeline network etc The major supplier is Mr. Muhammad Duja, owner of Ducon Energy Management System having office at DHA Karachi. His proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million (800ÃÆ'-100ÃÆ'-200). Capacity of plant The installed production capacity of the proposed unit would be 200 KWH eggs. However, the capacity utilization of 70% and 80% is envisaged during the first two years. Capacity utilization Per day Capacity 100% 70% 80% Electricity production 200 KWH 140 KWH 160 KWH Rice Husk 1680 tons 1176 tons 1344 tons Land A plot of around 3 kanal will be sufficient as the built-up area requirement is not more than 16 mrlas. Building would be taken on rent at Rs. 60,000 per month that will be around 720,000 lacs per annum or 0.72 million. Accessories Necessary furniture like tables, chairs, desks, storage cupboards; a small amount of stationary; water coolers, split a/cs in the office are required that will take approximately Rs. 5 lakhs for its arrangements. Vehicles Carriage Vans will be needed to bring rice husk to the desired location. Second hand vehicles will be purchased that will approximately cost Rs. 6 lakhs. 8.3. Manpower Requirement In order to execute the work, employees, labors are required. Particulars Quantity Rs Operation Manager 1 60,000 Machine Operators 2 40,000 Skilled workers 2 30,000 Unskilled workers 10 60,000 Guard 3 26,000 Clerks 4 26,000 Cost of Goods Sold RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Projected C0st of Services sold As of year ended 31 Dec, 2012 2012 2013 2014 Merchandise inventory opening 26,000 66,700 99,000 Add: Purchases 7,644,000   8,064,000 10,080,000 7,056,000   8,130,700 10,179,000 Add: Wages (116,000*12) 1,392,000 1,670,400 1,770,400 Rent expense (50,000*12) 720,000 720,000 720,000 Fuel charges 1,200,000   1,600,000 1,700,000 Miscellaneous 300,000 255,000 275,000 Cost of goods available for sale 10,668,000   12,376,100 14,644,400 Less: Merchandise inventory closing 66,700   99,000 127,000 Cost of goods sold 10,601,300   12,277,100 14,517,400 EXPLANATION In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. So total rice husk needed in the first operating day will be 4 tons that will be purchased at a price of 26,000.The total rice husk purchased in the year will be around 7,644,000 (1176 tons ÃÆ'- Rs 6,500 per ton) needed in the year. Direct expenses may include the wages given to the labors that are breaking eggs and operating machines, rent that will be available at Rs. 60,000 p.m., fuel charges that will be outsource. Miscellaneous includes the transportation charges, cl

Biography On Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar A Man of Great Stature Julius Caesar was a strong leader of the Romans who changed the course of the history for the Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength, he created a strong empire and guided the empire for almost 20 years. His life was short, but had many adventures. I will tell of some of this man’s remarkable life. He did many things, therefore, I will only discuss a few. His name, part of his reign, one of his greatest battles, and his death will be told. Julius Caesar was born on the 13th day of the month Quintilis (now July) in the year of 100 B.C. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the same as his father's name. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his surname. Caesar was the name of one branch of the Julian family. Its original meaning was "hairy.† Caesar's family was not prominent, but they claimed to be descended from Venus as well as the kings of Alba Langa. In spite of that fiction, Caesar was well connected through his relatives and received some important government assignments during his youth. Julius Caesar was the dictator of Rome from 61-44 BC. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only beginning. Caesar made his way to be considered a head of Rome by 62 BC, but many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. The senate did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. In Caesar, they saw only the threat of a king, a word that was l inked with the word â€Å"tyrant† that is cruel or unjust rule. One of Caesar’s greatest victories in battle was just after he had gained control over the lands of Bituriges, Vercingetorix. He started to lead his army to the Boii oppidum of Gorgobina, another city under his control. On the way, he stopped his troops at Vellaundunum, oppidum of the Senones, and set up siege. He did not want to leave any enemies behind him who might get in the way of the grain deliveries and supply. The Carnutes, one of Rome’s enemies, had just heard of the siege at Vellaundunum. They gathered troops to Garrison Cenabum, the Carnutes stronghold. Caesar’s army camped out right in front of the fort. Biography On Julius Caesar :: essays research papers Julius Caesar A Man of Great Stature Julius Caesar was a strong leader of the Romans who changed the course of the history for the Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength, he created a strong empire and guided the empire for almost 20 years. His life was short, but had many adventures. I will tell of some of this man’s remarkable life. He did many things, therefore, I will only discuss a few. His name, part of his reign, one of his greatest battles, and his death will be told. Julius Caesar was born on the 13th day of the month Quintilis (now July) in the year of 100 B.C. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the same as his father's name. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his surname. Caesar was the name of one branch of the Julian family. Its original meaning was "hairy.† Caesar's family was not prominent, but they claimed to be descended from Venus as well as the kings of Alba Langa. In spite of that fiction, Caesar was well connected through his relatives and received some important government assignments during his youth. Julius Caesar was the dictator of Rome from 61-44 BC. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only beginning. Caesar made his way to be considered a head of Rome by 62 BC, but many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. The senate did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. In Caesar, they saw only the threat of a king, a word that was l inked with the word â€Å"tyrant† that is cruel or unjust rule. One of Caesar’s greatest victories in battle was just after he had gained control over the lands of Bituriges, Vercingetorix. He started to lead his army to the Boii oppidum of Gorgobina, another city under his control. On the way, he stopped his troops at Vellaundunum, oppidum of the Senones, and set up siege. He did not want to leave any enemies behind him who might get in the way of the grain deliveries and supply. The Carnutes, one of Rome’s enemies, had just heard of the siege at Vellaundunum. They gathered troops to Garrison Cenabum, the Carnutes stronghold. Caesar’s army camped out right in front of the fort.

Telecommunications Reform :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

In the past, it has been shown that with each new wave of breakthroughs of communications technology, there has been a trend towards a change throughout the entire communications industry. Telecommunications is getting more personal, affecting the way that we view the world around us. As a result, the telecommunications industry has fragmented into specialized areas, each being better suited to providing certain services. This is a far cry from the time when foreboding monopolies with names like BT, ATT, and NTT ruled the industry. Now there are players such as GTE, Orbcomm, and Lucent. The playing field has become crowded, with many corporations vying for the space once occupied by only a chosen few. The term deregulation is invoked when a communications market that has been traditionally closed to outside competitors is opened for competition. Deregulation can also correspond to the loosening of controls on a particular communications product or service, or of the introduction of a new product or service into a traditionally closed market. Deregulation of the communications industry has been the language of the last fifteen years in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan, and there are no signs that this trend will change or subside. If the past is any indicator, advances in communications technology will inevitably lead to continued deregulation of global telecommunications. One may wonder why deregulation of the telcom industry is such a good thing. In the early days of modern telecommunications, many countries around the world would have not had any access at all to telephones if it weren't for a governmental monopoly on the industry. Governments of various countries involved themselves with local telecommunications to ensure that the development of the system was uniform, and that calls could be placed from one area of the country to another over reliable connections. Having communications regulations in place could be important to a nation trying to prevent a "bleed" of its technology to other nations around the world. For example, until recently, most computers over a certain speed that had to be shipped out of the country to a nation such as the former Soviet Union needed an export license. This regulation was in place in order to prevent reverse engineering of American products. This applies to the American communications industry because tight controls are kept over cryptography products in order to prevent them from being sold to nations who In turn might use our strong encryption protocols against the United States.

Development Of The Human Zygote Essay -- essays research papers fc

Development of the Human Zygote Hundreds of thousands of times a year a single-celled zygote, smaller than a grain of sand, transforms into an amazingly complex network of cells, a newborn infant. Through cellular differentiation and growth, this process is completed with precision time and time again, but very rarely a mistake in the "blueprint" of growth and development does occur. Following is a description of how the pathways of this intricate web are followed and the mistakes which happen when they are not. The impressive process of differentiation changes a single-cell into a complicated system of cells as distinct as bold and bone. Although embryonic development takes approximately nine months, the greatest amount of cellular differentiation takes place during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. This period is called embryogenesis. During the first week after fertilization, which takes place in the Fallopian tube, the embryo starts to cleave once every twenty-four hours (Fig. 1). Until the eight or sixteen cell stage, the individual cells, or blastomeres, are thought to have the potential to form any part of the fetus (Leese, Conaghan, Martin, and Hardy, April 1993). As the blastomeres continue to divide, a solid ball of cells develops to form the morula (Fig. 1). The accumulation of fluid inside the morula, transforms it into a hollow sphere called a blastula, which implants itself into the inner lining of the uterus, the endometrium (Fig. 1). The inner mass of the blastula will produce the embryo, while the outer layer of cells will form the trophoblast, which eventually will provide nourishment to the ovum (Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant, 1985). Figure 1:Implantation process and development during embryogenesis (Pritchard, MacDonald and Gant, 1985) During the second week of development, gastrulation, the process by which the germ layers are formed, begins to occur. The inner cell mass, now called the embryonic disc, differentiates into a thick plate of ectoderm and an underlying layer of endoderm. This cellular multiplication in the embryonic disc marks the beginning of a thickening in the midline that is called the primitive streak. Cells spread out laterally from the primiti... ...e a normal infant. When something does go wrong, the embryo or fetus will unfortunately have some type of defect. The amazing accuracy with which a single cell can become something as complex as a newborn infant is a truley incredible feat! Works Cited Baker, David A. "Danger of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection." Contemporary OB/GYN April 1990: 52. Carlson, Bruce M. Patten's Foundations of Embryology. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1981. Cunningham, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics, Supplement no. 10. 18th ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Februay/March 1991: 2,3. "Folic Acid for the Prevetion of Recurrent Neural Tube Defect." Medicine March 1993. Harrison, Ross G. Organization and Develpment of the Embryo. Yale University Press. 1969. Leese, Conaghan, Martin, and Hardy. "Early Human Embryo Metabolism." Bio Essays vol. 15, No. 4 April 1993: 259. Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics. 17th ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1985: 139-142, 800. Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics, Supplement no. 13. 17th ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc. July/August 1987: 2. "Teratology." ACOG Technical Bulletin February 1985.

The Ride I Will Never Forget

The ride I will never forget . waking up on sunny day where sun shined bright in my face, I thought to myself, it is time to wake up. It was the middle of the summer somewhere at the end of July. It was not an ordinary day for me. I spent the night at my friends house because the night before we went down town to spend time with our friend's. That night, we shared alcoholic beverages which made the night a little more relaxed. When it was time to go home I realized that I could not drive.I asked my friend to drive us home, but I could never have known that this ride would be unforgettable. My friend suggested that we stay at his house. † And I agreed. To show my appreciation I offered buy him sushi for lunch so we took my mom's car to the restaurant. On the way, traffic, so I thought to myself if I overstep the law, I could save us some time by going the wrong way down a one – way. As I thought we were good and no one saw it, I hear sirens and see police lights flashing from a distance.I was devastated and felt my heart crunching inside of me. During that moment I did not know what to do. I did not have a drivers license nor registration for the car, and there was a possibility that I still had alcohol in my system from the previous night out. The officer took off his helmet and got off from his motorcycle, and as he was walking towards our car I had a hundred thoughts in my mind, but none were good or helpful in figuring out a reason for my action. I looked to my friend and said,† I'm in so much trouble. ‘ He was just staring to me with an open mouth with nothing to reply to that. As the officer came to the car, I rolled down the window, and the words coming from him were,† license and registration please ! † I had nothing to give him. He was surprised and asked, what was I doing in car with no license and registration. I explained the situation and how I got in this trouble, to which he replied that he may have take the ca r and, I would not be able to get a license for two years.My friend's license would be taken away too, as well as we would both be fined . In that moment I was just shaking and desperate for a chance. I had one last I idea in my mind which was to bribe the officer. I looked up to him and asked if he would like to eat lunch. He thought for few seconds, and replied ,† how much are we talking about ?† So we agreed that he would follow me to my home, where I would give him the money. At that moment I felt as if a mountain had fallen off of my back. I was relieved and thankful that it all went the way I wished.When I went to give the officer the money, and he sad,† it's alright, I don't need it ,† and said that I could keep it ! I was so thankful that he was so generous I just put the money in his folder and thanked him. The officer took off and I went in the house with my friend. I fell in the chair and laid there for ten minutes. I could not believe that everyth ing was alright. I looked up to my friend and told him,† let's order sushi ! † This story made me realize how careful I need to be and to never try something like that again.

The Battle Against Human Trafficking in Europe : Policy Evaluation

The Battle Against Human Trafficking in Europe: Policy Evaluation Samira Misra Webster University Abstract This paper seeks to evaluate the policies of the European Union directed at combatting human trafficking in all its forms. The current plans of the European Commission and the United Nations are presented, and the rationale behind them is scrutinized. Research shows that the European Union recognizes the problem of human trafficking as a complete denial of human rights, and proposes action to bring to justice the responsible persons.The European Unions perspective is one based on the pillars of democracy: freedom, transparency, the law, and security. This paper argues that the aforementioned perspective is not sufficient in ameliorating the situation. It proposes a broader approach to the construction and design of a comprehensive strategy, encompassing the root causes underlying human trafficking, as well. The chief weaknesses of current policy appear to be its implementation, and EU wide co-ordination.With the identification of these weaknesses, this paper proposes significant reform by regulatory agencies for tangible action against the catastrophic reality of the trafficking trade. Ana, a girl from Quito, Ecuador fell in love with her husband at the young age of 20. What she thought would be the best decision of her life, ended up leading her to living in a nightmare. Her husband worked at a brothel in Quito, hiding his profession from Ana. Ana left her husband, along with her toddler, and moved in with her mother jobless. She soon met the owner of a small salon, a lady who would talk about Europe, and the lifestyle of the people there.Ana quickly became starry-eyed and accepted an offer to move to Paris to make money. She was completely unaware of what lay ahead. When she reached Paris, she came to know that no job awaited her, other than prostituting herself on the streets to pay back her debts for her trip to Paris. Her pimps collected most of the m oney she made, and escape was too risky as the trafficking networks were systematic and even connected with law enforcement. Ana did not return to Ecuador for three years, and lived her life, risking it every single day just to make ends meet. This is only ne of thousands of horror stories of the victims of human trafficking (Knierim, 2012). According to the United Nations Office of Drugs & Crime (UNODC), human trafficking is defined as the: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, s lavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. (UNODC, 2012). The sex trafficking industry has become the fastest growing industry in the world, and offenders continue to slip between the cracks of the legislative system (UNHCR, 2010). Data indicates that the number of trafficked victims detected in 2006, in West and Central Europe was 7,300 (UNODC, 2006, p. 229).Transcrime suggests a multiplier of 20 for every victim detected, which means that it is estimated that the actual statistic is 20 times what is known, This leads to a possible statistic of 140,000 victims in Europe. It is hard to say what should cause greater concern, the staggering numbers (which are a conservative estimation), or the fact that the trafficking industry continues to boom. Most trafficked victims in Europe come from Balkan countries, and from Russia. Europe also shows the largest number of nationalities of victims than any other region of the world.Victims are recruited into the sex trafficking trade through force, misrepresentation, false promises and coercion. Young, vulnerable women are lured into traps through promises of opportunities such as jobs, study abroad programs, modelling careers, vacations and the like. Research shows that acquaintances, friends or relatives largely conduct recruitment within Europe. (UNODC, 2010, p. 225) Human trafficking is a deeply complex, and multi-faceted issue. It has three main dimensions: criminal, human rights, and socio-economic.In order to effectively combat human trafficking in the European Union, measures that tackle all aspects need to be devised and implemented. This essay will seek to illustrate that the European policies thus far have taken a very limited viewpoint to the challenges of trafficking, and need to extend their vision to incorporate solutions to the root causes of the sex trade. In the first part of this paper, the policies (to date) to fight trafficking will be examined, as well as the rational e they stem from.The second part will identify the main problems with these policies, and propose changes necessary for the EU to effectively confront the prevalence of trafficking. European Union Policy European Commission In the past decade, the widespread problem of human trafficking has gained increasing media attention. However, this rise in media coverage does not imply an increased effort for measures to be taken. Rather, it triggers a false sense that enough is being to combat trafficking. Yet still, few nations remain immune to its adverse effects. Most countries are source countries, transit countries, or destination countries.It is important to note that within Europe, every nation has its own policy framework against the issue, but scrutinizing each system is beyond the scope of this research paper. For the argument, which this essay seeks to propose, it is more useful to examine the policies of European organizations dedicated solely to trafficking. The discussion will be a chronological presentation of the steps taken by the European Union. The role of the European Commission (EC) is to propose legislation in the collective interest of the EU, as well as assist in its implementation.Usually, the commission initiates legislation to meet requirements under EU treaties. In May 2003, under the Brussels Declaration on human trafficking, a policy framework was introduced, which recognized the importance of addressing the human rights violations of trafficking that threatened the freedom and security of victims. It called for cooperative action on regional, national, and international levels by governments, regulatory bodies and NGOs. Thereafter, in 2004 a EU directive was issued Directive2004/81), and introduced a â€Å"reflection period† in which victims could recover without being deported for illegal migration. If they decided to cooperate with enforcement officials and provided concrete information about their traffickers, they would be gran ted a temporary residence permit through which they could pursue education and career opportunities (European Commission, 2004, p. 261). Although the EC released some policy statements between 2004 and 2011, there were very few noticeable changes in strategy. More recently, the EC has taken a supposedly comprehensive initiative against this phenomenon.In 2011, the European Parliament established a framework outlining legal punitive measures concerning trafficking offences, as well as preventive measures to aid victims (Directive2011/36/EU). Under this policy, offenders of trafficking (including partial participants aiding in the process) were subject to five to ten years of imprisonment depending on the crimes they committed. Furthermore, the Directive stated, â€Å"Member States may decide not to prosecute or impose penalties on victims  of trafficking in human beings for their involvement in criminal activities which they have been compelled to commit. † (European Commiss ion, 2011, p. 01). The aftercare procedures consisted of the possible provision of accommodation, medical care, and interpretation and translation services. Children were required to receive psychological assistance and access to education. All victims were required to be protected sufficiently from abusers and trauma. Preventive measures highlighted by Directive2011/36/EU included education and awareness initiatives, and training for police in identification of offenders and victims. The main improvement in this directive from the last version was that it had broadened the definition of trafficking to include more forms of exploitation.The Directive2011/36/EU demonstrates an approach largely concerned with the criminal and human rights violation aspects of human trafficking, but ignores the circumstantial aspect (the socio-economic conditions which lead people to trafficking). According to the Directive’s understanding, trafficking of persons is first and foremost an absolut e negation of basic human rights for the immense physical and psychological abuse endured by victims. Secondly, it is a criminal offense (or several) on the part of the ffenders, as they partake in heinous crimes of violence, oppression, and cruelty, which trivialize the worth of a human life. The latest strategy was released in June 2012, when the EC adopted the, â€Å"EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings (2012-2016). † This strategy essentially puts forward detailed concrete steps to meet the aims of the previous Directive2011/36/EU. Main objectives of the agenda are identification and protection of victims, increased legal action against offenders, enhanced coordination and cooperation of states in policy implementation, and increased preventive measures.The EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings can only be analyzed conceptually for shortcomings as it has just been put into place. However, despite periodic revision s, it is clear that the EC’s view remains essentially unchanged. The outlook continues to be concerned with law enforcement and organized crime (European Commission, The EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings, p. 4-6). United NationsOther than the EC, the United Nations also recognizes human trafficking as a pressing concern for the international community, and acknowledges its duty to mobilize Member States to act against it. In 2002, the UN TIP Protocol (also known as Palermo Protocol) was adopted by the United Nations to â€Å"†¦prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children† (U. N, 2002, p. 1). In December 2003, this protocol came into effect, signed by 117 countries. The UNODC is responsible for upholding the Palermo protocol.Additionally, the UNODC launched its Blue Heart Campaign, directed at increasing awareness and involvement in combatting the trafficking trade. Evaluation Sex trafficking i s a complex issue, which requires an in-depth analysis and understanding of the various dimensions of the problem. The phenomenon of trafficking is immoral and unethical on numerous counts, and therefore the fight against it must confront them all. After a closer insight into the sex trade, it can be reiterated that there are socio-economic, criminal and uman rights standards our society is based on, all of which human trafficking neglects. This section identifies the key loopholes in current anti-trafficking procedures. Data Collection A rather significant issue, which inherently cripples the efficiency of policy-making, is the lack of data on human trafficking. This expresses a concern not with the content of the policies, but rather with the construction of policies, as knowledge of the nature of trafficking remains incomplete. â€Å"Concrete, reliable data on human trafficking is an essential basis for all good programs, interventions, policy and legislation.Without this data i t is not possible to know the extent or the true nature of the trafficking problem, nor understand the complexity of the issues involved. As a result, practitioners and policy-makers are unable to act and react appropriately and effectively†(International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2008, p. 205). There are several reasons for the dearth of empirical data and statistics. Perhaps the most noteworthy reason is the unwillingness of victims to come forward and report the crimes committed against them.This is because they fear for their personal safety, or fear being prosecuted for crimes such as illegal immigration, prostitution or drug abuse. In extreme cases, victims are monitored by offenders and do not have the access to law enforcement. Other contributing factors are obstacles in legal frameworks, poor data collection methodologies, and reluctance of agencies to share their information. This undermines the foundation upon which policies are devised. Approach to c ombatting trafficking EC policies against trafficking largely ignore problems such as gender inequality, race and class differences.The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that 43% of trafficking victims are used for forced commercial sexual exploitation, of which 98% are female (ILO, 2008, p. 3). Although Europe has long recognized the importance of gender equality, it does not view the problem of human trafficking as representative of gender inequality. Trafficking predominantly affects women, and it is because women are disadvantaged compared to men in society, that they are more susceptible to becoming victims. The leading cause of trafficking is the desperate need of potential victims to flee from poor standards of living.Presently, the EU is not taking sufficient measures to support the empowerment of disadvantaged (impoverished, uneducated, ethnic minorities, etc. ). The harsh EU migration and border laws limit the options women have for better prospects. This ca n (sometimes) be the reason for women seeking illegitimate and unregulated forms of escape. The argument propositioned here, is that thus far, the EU has taken a closed view of trafficking, and has designed policies aimed at short- term â€Å"band aid† solutions, and has failed to devise long term strategies to eliminate the conditions which cause people to resort to risky and life-threatening behavior.In addition, these short- term policies are not gender responsive either, and lack mechanisms to help women (specifically) overcome their susceptibility to such crimes. Human trafficking is a result of a chain of events based on unjust social and economic environments, to which women frequently fall victim. Women are physically weaker and hence more vulnerable to physical harm. In addition, the cultural and societal norms (e. g. gender stereotypes, and social roles) that surround most women aggravate the likelihood of the exposure to crimes against them.As of now, gender equali ty policies apply mainly to EU citizens, whereas most victims of trafficking are non- EU citizens. It is counterproductive to have policies seeking to ensure equal rights, which fail to extend to outsiders (even illegal immigrants). Current anti-trafficking measures have been said to be â€Å"collateral damage†, as they explicitly authorize government action against victims such as deportation, and prosecution for petty crimes (Uhl, 2010, p. 122). These ostensibly supportive measures are in effect punitive for women and discourage them from seeking help.Surprisingly, nearly half of trafficking recruiters are also women. Female victims, desperate to find an escape from the unfathomable abuse, become exploiters over time (UNODC, 2010, p. 227). Policies addressing the socio-economic problems faced by women in areas of unemployment, welfare, education, immigration etc. would empower them, and prove more productive in tackling the issue from preventive, punitive and rehabilitative aspects. In essence, the European Union fails to recognize that human trafficking is partially the end result of societal gender inequalities.Although there are separate initiatives battling gender inequality, under social agendas, the European Union can ‘kill two birds with one stone’ by incorporating these measures in fighting trafficking as well. Rathgeber (2002) asserts, â€Å"Integrated and operational structures need to be developed†¦to counteract the feminization of poverty (p. 163). Academic critics of European trafficking policies (such as Rathgeber and Askola) endorse integration of strategy and procedures to overcome social gaps such as economic class, gender, or race. LegislationThe next key shortcoming in the European policy is the implementation of legislation. Although laws have been passed deeming trafficking of humans as punishable, few nations have used them to convict perpetrators. The implementation of the law so far has been lacks, which coul d only have further discouraged victims to come forward and testify. Despite the European Commissions view of trafficking from a crime and justice standpoint, enforcement officers are not equipped with the proper tools for identification and protection of victims, and not all legal institutions are equipped with legislative frameworks.Frequently, victims are offered through front businesses such as beauty salons, massage parlors or escort services, which make it hard for police officers to diagnose as trafficking rings. The United States Department of Health & Human Services (2008) reports that often victims do not consider themselves to be victims, because they are unaware of their rights and are kept too isolated from communication to be informed of the action they can take. In addition, in Eastern European countries, as well as a few others, trafficking rings are so well connected, that they branch as far out as law enforcement authorities.This could mean that police officials ar e willing to either turn a blind eye to, or participate in criminal activity. In order to have legislation actually serve its purpose, European policies must categorize concrete ways for the identification of offenders and victims. Law enforcement agencies assume that there are clear, visible signs of trafficking activity such as locked doors, low sanitary standards, same working and living space, etc. Rather than relying on superficial symptoms like these, Uhl (2010) suggests that victims can be better detected through a profile, or characteristics based on demography and behavior (p. 23). Identification ties back into being able to recognize that particularly vulnerable slice of society- uneducated and poverty stricken. Legal measures should also guarantee the protection of victims from criminal prosecution and not leave it to the judgment of the enforcement officer, or circumstances. The current Directive does not state this as a requirement, and these grey areas are considerable obstructions to effective execution of justice. According to the UNODC, law enforcement bodies also do not place sufficient priority on charging offenders, as they are aware that it rarely results in a conviction.A large majority of victims and witnesses are deported, or locked up for crimes, which makes their statements unusable in court proceedings. In addition, offenders disappear under the radar and are known to flee the country as well. The failure of legislation is result of other shortcomings, rather than a shortcoming in itself. Each inefficiency snowballs to make the presence of legislative tools futile. Harmonization It seems sound to assume that the European Commissions policies reflect uniform standards between nations because they claim to act in the interest of the European Union.However, this is not the case. Although, the EC has the same anti-trafficking strategy for all its members, different states interpret and enforce the policy differently, and some states simp ly do not uphold the EU standard. The absence of co-ordination and co-operation is yet another way in which convicted offenders escape investigation in court. The initial intention of the strategy is lost across borders, as states continue to pick and choose slices of strategy to administer.This is principally dependent on the level of regulation in each country, as well as on national priorities. In several source countries, especially in the Balkans, corruption is widespread and dishonest officials often work with traffickers or turn a blind eye to unlawful acts (Rathgeber, 2002, p. 153). By definition, what constitutes trafficking also varies from country to country. Some definitions include several forms of exploitation (e. g. bad labor conditions), while others only deal with more severe forms.Therefore, the Directive, which is supposed to tackle the same form of trafficking in a dependable way across nations, ends up being translated to suit specific national standards such as border control, labor conditions, migration law, and sexual morality (Askola, 2007, p. 214). A tentative solution is the establishment of a regulatory legislative body in charge of enforcing the correct application of strategies of the European Commission. Its branches should be established in Member States to regularly monitor execution in accordance with the EU standards.Moreover, the strategies need to avoid ambiguities, which encourage nations to modify implementation. The Directive2004/81 allows for authorities to determine whether temporary residence should be granted or not, based on specific circumstances. In having such loopholes, enforcement bodies become more occupied with the determination of these circumstances, and less with the primary objective of assistance and rehabilitation. European countries have shown limited understanding of trafficking as an issue in itself, despite all the research and analysis there is available on the subject.When examining European Commi ssion approaches to social and economic discrepancies across EU nations, it is evident that there are programs in place, which are built with the primary purpose of establishing equality, and eradicating hierarchy based on gender and class. However, these steps have been relatively ineffective, and lack synchronization across borders. Trafficking is one of the outcomes of the failure of the EU’s measures against poverty, income inequality, lack of welfare and benefit programs, and social services for children, education opportunities, psychotherapy and medical assistance, and rehabilitation.It is these dire circumstances that create desperation for money and through it, the prospect of an improvement in living standards. Conclusion Human trafficking is a problem, interlinked to several existing social, political, geographical and economic disadvantages. In order to formulate a comprehensive response to control the proliferation of trafficking, and the tragic outcomes on victi ms, the European Union must pay heed to the social and economic root causes.The strategies of the past decade reflect a generally conservative approach, as well as one that deals with trafficking as a problem in it, rather than a problem resulting from several other problems. There is little real improvement in the progressive refinement of EU policies. The European Commission has recognized the scope of the problem, and urgency to combat human trafficking, yet the measures are proving unsuccessful. Rather than portraying human trafficking as merely a variation of organized crime, it is critical to acknowledge its social, political, economic and criminal aspects as well.Human trafficking is an outcome of failed social measures, ones that are not directed to fighting the conditions from which it arises. Synchronization and coordination between European nations are the first steps to remodeling strategy design and enhancing the influence of legislation. Gender sensitivity and assistan ce to women should be a top priority in EU policy, to help women shift from their underprivileged position in society. From an evaluative perspective, until these actions are taken, we are likely to see iterative adjustments to current EU policies with little advancement in the right direction.References Askola, H. (2007). Violence against women, trafficking, and migration in the European Union. European Law Journal, 13(2), 204-217. Doi:10. 1111/j. 1468-0386. 2007. 00364. x Cochintu, I. , Tutunaru, L. , Stoicu, N. , & Valea, D. (2011). International cooperation against human trafficking. Juridical Current, 14(2), 78-86. Nieuwenhuys, C. , & Pecoud, A. (2007). Human trafficking, information campaigns, and strategies of migration control. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(12), 1674-1695. Rathgeber, C. (2002). The victimization of women through human trafficking – An aftermath of war?.European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, 10(2/3), 152-163. doi:10. 1163/15718 1702401475340 Skrivankova, K. (2006). Combating trafficking in human beings. 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